Thoth is often depicted holding an ankh, the Egyptian symbol for life. These forms are all symbolic and are metaphors for Thoth's attributes. In the form of A'ah-Djehuty he took a more human-looking form. He also appears as a dog-faced baboon or a man with the head of a baboon when he is A'an, the god of equilibrium. When not depicted in this common form, he sometimes takes the form of the ibis directly. Sometimes he was also seen in art to be wearing the Atef crown or the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.
When depicted as a form of Shu or Ankher, he was depicted to be wearing the respective god's headdress. In this form, he can be represented as the reckoner of times and seasons by a headdress of the lunar disk sitting on top of a crescent moon resting on his head. Usually, he is depicted in his human form with the head of an ibis. Thoth has been depicted in many ways depending on the era and on the aspect the artist wished to convey. One of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος ( trismégistos), making Hermes Trismegistus. The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions. In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the Moon god Iah-Djehuty ( j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty), representing the Moon for the entire month. Multiple titles for Thoth, similar to the pharaonic titulary, are also known, including A, Sheps, Lord of Khemennu, Asten, Khenti, Mehi, Hab, and A'an. Other forms of the name ḏḥwty using older transcriptions include Jehuti, Jehuty, Tahuti, Tehuti, Zehuti, Techu, or Tetu. Hence Thoth's name would mean "He who is like the ibis", according to this interpretation. The addition of -ty denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis.
However, the Greek form "Thoth" is more common.Īccording to Theodor Hopfner, Thoth's Egyptian name written as ḏḥwty originated from ḏḥw, claimed to be the oldest known name for the ibis, normally written as hbj. Following Egyptological convention, which eschews vowel reconstruction, the consonant skeleton ḏḥwty would be rendered "Djehuti" and the god is sometimes found under this name. The loss of pre-Coptic final y/j is also common. These spellings reflect known sound changes from earlier Egyptian such as the loss of ḏ palatalization and merger of ḥ with h i.e. This reconstruction is based on the Ancient Greek borrowing Thōth ( ) or Theut and the fact that the name was transliterated into Sahidic Coptic variously as ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ Thoout, ⲑⲱⲑ Thōth, ⲑⲟⲟⲧ Thoot, ⲑⲁⲩⲧ Thaut, Taautos ( Τααυτος), Thoor ( Θωωρ), as well as Bohairic Coptic ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout. The Egyptian pronunciation of ḏḥwty is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as * ḏiḥautī, perhaps pronounced * or *. In the later history of ancient Egypt, Thoth became heavily associated with the arbitration of godly disputes, the arts of magic, the system of writing, and the judgment of the dead. Thoth played many vital and prominent roles in Egyptian mythology, such as maintaining the universe, and being one of the two deities (the other being Ma'at) who stood on either side of Ra's solar barque. He also had numerous shrines in other cities. In Hermopolis, Thoth led "the Ogdoad", a pantheon of eight principal deities, and his spouse was Nehmetawy. Later known as el-Ashmunein in Egyptian Arabic, the Temple of Thoth was mostly destroyed before the beginning of the Christian era, but its very large pronaos was still standing in 1826. Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Hermopolis ( Ancient Egyptian: ḫmnw /χaˈmaːnaw/, Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu", Coptic: Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ Shmun). He was the god of the moon, wisdom, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art, and judgment. His feminine counterpart was Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. Thoth ( / θ oʊ θ, t oʊ t/ from Koinē Greek: Θώθ Thṓth, borrowed from Coptic: Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Egyptian 𓅞𓏏𓏭𓀭 Ḏḥwtj, the reflex of Ancient Egyptian: ḏḥwtj " is like the Ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity.
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